Carmody v. New York University

**What Happened** Carmody sued New York University and the NCAA, claiming discrimination under Title II of federal law. The case appears to involve claims that certain policies or practices had a discriminatory impact, even if discrimination wasn't intentional. Carmody also argued that the NCAA was responsible for exclusion decisions that affected them. **What the Court Decided** The court ruled in favor of the defendants. The judge found that Title II (part of the Americans with Disabilities Act) only covers intentional discrimination cases, not situations where policies have discriminatory effects without intentional bias. The court also determined that the NCAA couldn't be held responsible for exclusion decisions because other organizations, not the NCAA, actually made those decisions. **Why This Matters for Workers** This ruling clarifies important limits on discrimination claims under Title II. Workers should understand that proving discrimination under this law requires showing intentional bias, not just that a policy affects certain groups differently. The decision also shows that organizations can only be held responsible for discrimination when they have actual control over the disputed decisions. Workers considering discrimination claims need to identify which specific organization made the harmful decision and whether intentional discrimination can be proven.