ROBERT PAUL MORRIS, Plaintiff v. SCENERA RESEARCH, LLC, and RYAN C. FRY, Defendants

ROBERT PAUL MORRIS v. SCENERA RESEARCH, LLC and RYAN C. FRY No. 429PA13 Filed 10 June 2016 1. Employer and Employee — Wage and Hours Act — patent bonuses — patents pending when employment ended In a compensation and intellectual property dispute between plaintiff and his former employer arising from the employer’s patent bonus program, the trial court did not err by denying the employer’s motions for direct verdict and judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the issue of whether plaintiff was entitled to patent issuance bonuses for patents still pending when his employment ended. Plaintiff presented more than a scintilla of evidence supporting his Wage and Hours Act claim: Plaintiff testified that his bonuses were earned at the time the patents were filed, and another witness confirmed that bonuses were earned at the time patents were filed. 2. Employer and Employee — Wage and Hours Act — patent bonuses — calculability—question for jury In a compensation and intellectual property dispute between plaintiff and his former employer arising from the employer’s patent bonus program, the Supreme Court affirmed the holding of the Court of Appeals that the question of whether a wage is “calculable” under the Wage and Hours Act is one of fact, not law, and that the trial court properly submitted the question to the jury. Plaintiff argued at trial that value of the patent issuance bonuses for patent applications still pending with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office could be calculated using the following formula: 150 outstanding patents x $5,000 for each successfully issued patent x 90% patent issuance success rate = $675,000. The employer failed to offer any other formula at trial, and the meaning of “calculable” includes “capable of being estimated.” 3. Employer and Employee — patent bonuses — liquidated damages In a compensation and intellectual property dispute between plaintiff and his former employer arising from the employer’s patent bonus program, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by concluding that plaintiff was not entitled to liquidated damages on the jury’s award of issuance bonuses associated with unissued patents. The employer had reason to believe that it did not owe plaintiff the bonuses. 4. Employer and Employee — patent bonuses — Retaliatory Employment Discrimination Act damages — not trebeled In a compensation and intellectual property dispute between plaintiff and his former employer arising from the employer’s patent bonus program, the trial court did not err when it declined to treble the jury’s award of Retaliatory Employment Discrimination Act (REDA) damages. Proving a willful violation of N.C.G.S. § 95-241 requires a showing of the accused party’s knowledge or reckless disregard of whether an action violated the statute. Competent evidence supported the trial court’s decision to not treble plaintiff’s REDA award. 5. Employer and Employee — patent bonuses — rescission— money damages sufficient remedy In a compensation and intellectual property dispute between plaintiff and his former employer arising from the employer’s patent bonus program, the Court of Appeals erred by holding that plaintiff was entitled to rescission. A party may pursue rescission only when a material breach occurs and all legal remedies fall short of compensating the injured party for its loss. Plaintiff claimed that his employer owed him $5,000 to $10,000 for each patent at issue, and money damages provided him with a complete remedy. On discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-31 of a unanimous decision of the Court of Appeals, 229 N.C. App. 31, 747 S.E.2d 362 (2013), finding no error in part, affirming in part, and reversing in part a memorandum opinion entered on 4 January 2012, a judgment entered on 14 May 2012, and an order entered on 27 June 2012, all by Judge James L. Gale in Superior Court, Wake County, and remanding in part for further judgment. On 18 December 2014, the Supreme Court allowed plaintiff’s conditional petition for discretionary review as to additional issues. Heard in the Supreme Court on 18 May 2015. Young Moore and Henderson P.A., by Walter E. Brock, Jr., Andrew P. Flynt, and Patrick M. Aul, for plaintiff -appellee/appellant. Parker Poe Adams&BemsteinLLP, by CatharineB. Arrowood, Scott E. Bayzle, and Catherine R.L. Lawson, for defendant-appellants/ appellees. Smith Moore Leatherwood LLP, by Richard A. Coughlin and Matthew Nis Leerberg, for North Carolina Chamber of Commerce, North Carolina Association of Defense Attorneys, and North Carolina State University, amici curiae. Robinson, Bradshaw & Hinson, P.A., by John R. Wester and Thomas Holdemess, for Qualcomm Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Incorporated, Cisco Systems, Inc., Microsoft Corp., and Cree, Inc., amici curiae. BEASLEY, Justice. This appeal arises out of a compensation and intellectual property dispute between Robert Paul Morris (“plaintiff’) and his former employer Scenera Research, LLC and its CEO Ryan Fry (collectively, “defendants”). In 2004, Stanley Fry, defendant Ryan Fry’s father, hired plaintiff as Scenera’s first employee. The parties did not sign a written employment agreement. They did, however, have several discussions concerning the details of plaintiff’s employment. Plaintiff expressed interest in inventing, but testified at trial that he had no obligation to invent. According to plaintiff, inventing was not part of his regular job duties for which he received a base salary. Plaintiff participated in Scenera’s patent bonus program (the “bonus program”), under which he received $5000 for every patent application submitted to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) and another $5000 if and when the patent issued. Defendant Ryan Fry became concerned with the bonus program’s viability and suspended Scenera’s bonus program for all employees effective 1 January 2008. Plaintiff testified that Scenera owed him $210,000 in patent bonuses at this time. Plaintiff voluntarily suspended receipt of payments beginning in January 2008, believing that defendant Fry had promised to reinstate the original bonus program if Scenera did not create a new compensation plan and, thereafter, provide plaintiff a written employment contract. As of 2009, the parties had not been able to agree on a new compensation plan and plaintiff still had no written contract. Frustrated with this lack of progress, plaintiff hired a lawyer and threatened to sue under the North Carolina Wage and Hour Act (“WHA”) for the $210,000 in bonuses owed. The parties dispute the events that followed. Plaintiff claimed that Scenera fired him in retaliation for his threatening to bring a lawsuit, thereby violating the North Carolina Retaliatory Employment Discrimination Act (“REDA”). Defendants countered that plaintiff clearly intended to leave the company and that his lawyer indicated the only option was to negotiate a severance package — thus, plaintiff “effectively resigned” and defendants merely accepted the resignation. Defendants tendered plaintiff a check for $210,000 on the condition that he acknowledge Scenera’s ownership of patent applications filed and patents issued between 1 January 2008 and 17 June 2009. Plaintiff did not accept defendants’ offer. Plaintiff filed a complaint against defendants alleging breach of contract, fraudulent inducement, uujust enrichment, and WHA and REDA violations. On 1 April 2011, the Chief Justice designated this action as a complex business case and assigned it to the North Carolina Business Court. Defendants asserted a counterclaim for declaratory judgment that (1) Scenera owns all inventions plaintiff developed during his employment, and (2) plaintiff was not entitled to bonuses for patent applications filed or patents issued any time after January 2008. Defendants also sought damages for breach of fiduciary duty and for plaintiffs failure to support prosecution of patent applications to the PTO. Both parties moved for summary judgment. The trial court granted defendants’ motion in part, concluding that plaintiff was “hired to invent,” and that ownership of the patents presumptively rested with Scenera, with the onus on plaintiff to prove that an agreement between the parties vested ownership with him. The trial court also granted defendants’ summary judgment on plaintiffs claims for fraudulent inducement and unjust enrichment. The trial court denied the remainder of plaintiff’s and defendants’ motions for summary judgment. Trial began on 30 January 2012. At the close of the evidence, the trial court granted defendants’ motion for a directed verdict with respect to the issue of patent ownership, but denied defendants’ motion for a directed verdict on the WHA and REDA claims. The trial court submitted the rest of the issues to the jury, and the jury awarded plaintiff (1) $210,000 in patent bonuses under the WHA for applications filed or patents issued between 1 January 2008 and 17 June 2009, (2) $675,000 under the WHA in patent issuance bonuses for patent applications pending as of 17 June 2009, (3) and $390,000 for REDA violations. Plaintiff then requested liquidated damages and attorneys’ fees under the WHA, and treble damages and attorneys’ fees under REDA. The trial court denied plaintiff’s request to treble damages, awarded $450,000 in attorneys’ fees, and awarded $210,000 in liquidated damages for patents that have already issued. The trial court denied plaintiff’s request for liquidated damages under the WHA for patents that had not yet issued. The trial court further ruled that Scenera owned all of the inventions, patents, and patent applications listed in plaintiffs complaint, required plaintiff to assign any unassigned patent applications to Scenera, and ruled that Scenera could not recover damages under its counterclaims. Defendants moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV), and the trial court denied the motion. All parties appealed. The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s ruling on the motions for directed verdict and JNOV, liquidated damages, WHA damages, and REDA damages. The court reversed, however, the trial court’s ruling that plaintiff could not pursue rescission. Morris v. Scenera Research, LLC, 229 N.C. App. 31, 747 S.E.2d 362 (2013). All parties appealed. I A Defendants contend that the trial court should have granted their motions for directed verdict and JNOV as to whether plaintiff was entitled to patent issuance bonuses for patents still pending when his employment with Scenera ended. To survive a motion for directed verdict or JNOV, the non-movant must present “more than a scintilla of evidence” to support its claim. Stark v. Ford Motor Co., 365 N.C. 468, 480, 723 S.E.2d 753, 761 (2012) (citation omitted). While a scintilla is “very slight evidence,” State v. Hawkins, 155 N.C. 466, 470, 71 S.E. 326, 328 (1911) (quoting State v. White, 89 N.C. 462, 464-65 (1883)), the non-movant’s evidence must still “do more than raise a suspicion, conjecture, guess, surmise, or speculation as to the pertinent facts in order to justify its submission to the jury,” Jenrette Transp. Co. v. Atl. Fire Ins. Co., 236 N.C. 534, 539, 73 S.E.2d 481, 485 (1952) (citation omitted). The trial court must construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant and resolve all evidentiary conflicts in the non-movant’s favor. Smith v. Price, 315 N.C. 523, 527, 340 S.E.2d 408, 411 (1986) (citations omitted). We review this question of law de novo. Green v. Freeman, 367 N.C. 136, 141, 749 S.E.2d 262, 267 (2013) (citations omitted). The WHA provides: Employees whose employment is discontinued for any reason shall be paid all wages due on or before the next regular payday either through the regular pay channels or by mail if requested by the employee. Wages based on bonuses, commissions or other forms of calculation shall be paid on the first regular payday after the amount becomes calculable when a separation occurs. N.C.G.S. § 95-25.7 (2015). At trial, plaintiff testified that he, like other Scenera employees, had a unique bonus plan, and that he was never informed that continued employment with Scenera was a prerequisite for receiving patent issuance bonuses. Plaintiff confirmed in his testimony that “the issuance bonus . . . was earned at the time the patent application was filed.” He further testified that after a patent was filed and he assigned the corresponding rights to Scenera, “I was entitled to $5,000.... There was nothing as far as work with respect to the patent that I needed to do in order to earn that bonus.” Moreover, Mona Singh, an inventor and witness for Scenera, confirmed that “whatever bonuses applied to [her] agreement became earned and due at the time the patent was filed.” Singh also testified that she had received five or six issuance bonuses after leaving Scenera. We hold that plaintiff has carried his minimal burden of presenting more than a scintilla of evidence supporting his WHA claim. While defendants cite conflicting evidence (some of which we discuss below), in the context of a directed verdict and JNOV, the trial court must resolve these conflicts in plaintiff’s favor. Accordingly, we affirm the Court of Appeals’ holding that the trial court properly submitted the question of whether plaintiff was entitled to the issuance bonuses to the jury and properly denied defendants’ directed verdict and JNOV motions. B Defendants further argue that the Court of Appeals erred in construing the term “calculable” under the WHA to mean capable of being estimated. As a preliminary matter, we address the Court of Appeals’ holding that the question of whether a wage is “calculable” under the WHA is one of fact, not law, and that therefore the trial court could properly submit the question to the jury. The Court of Appeals explained that determining whether a wage is calculable “requires a weighing of the evidence and, thus, falls in a jury trial within the exclusive purview of the jury.” Morris, 229 N.C. App. at 44, 747 S.E.2d at 370 (citations omitted). As we have explained, it is for the trial court “to determine whether the evidence ... is sufficient to permit a legitimate inference of the facts essential to recovery; and it is the province of the jury to weigh the evidence and to determine what it proves or fails to prove.” Sneed v. Lions Club of Murphy, N.C., Inc., 273 N.C. 98, 101, 159 S.E.2d 770, 772 (1968) (citations omitted). “It is still for the jury if reasonable [minds] may differ as to its truth or if conflicting inferences may reasonably be drawn from” the evidence. Cutts v. Casey, 278 N.C. 390, 421, 180 S.E.2d 297, 314 (1971) (citations omitted). Because determining whether a wage is calculable involves a weighing of the evidence, we affirm the Court of Appeals’ holding that this issue presents a question of fact. At trial, plaintiff argued that the value of the patent issuance bonuses for patent applications still pending with the PTO could be calculated using the following formula: 150 outstanding patents x $5,000 for each successfully issued patent x 90% patent issuance success rate = $675,000. The trial court instructed the jury to determine whether it could calculate the issuance bonuses owed, and if so, to compute that amount. The Court of Appeals first noted that neither the WHA nor case law define the term “calculable.” The court therefore consulted the American Heritage College Dictionary, which defined calculable as “ ‘[t]hat [which] can be calculated or estimated.'’ ” Morris, 229 N.C. App. at 45, 747 S.E.2d at 371 (quoting The American Heritage College Dictionary 198 (3d ed. 1997) (emphasis added)). The court concluded that plaintiffs proffered formula "was at least one reasonable way to calculate” the bonuses and therefore held that the trial court did not err in submitting this question to the jury. Id. at 45, 747 S.E.2d at 371. Defendants again argue that “calculable” does not mean capable of being estimated because this interpretation would allow impermissible speculation as to future wages. Defendants cite the rule that “the party seeking damages must show that the amount of damages is based upon a standard that will allow the finder of fact to calculate the amount of damages with reasonable certainty.” Olivetti Corp. v. Ames Bus. Sys., Inc., 319 N.C. 534, 547-48, 356 S.E.2d 578, 586 (1987) (citation omitted). Plaintiffs formula, they contend, does not allow for the reasonably certain determination of issuance bonuses associated with pending patent applications. We disagree. In other contexts in which a party seeks to recover lost profits, that party must show “both the amount and [the] cause of his loss. Absolute certainty, however, is not required, but both the cause and the amount of the loss must be shown with reasonable certainty.” Cary v. Harris, 178 N.C. 624, 628, 101 S.E. 486, 488 (1919) (quoting Nance v. W. Union Tel. Co., 177 N.C. 314, 317, 98 S.E. 838, 840 (1919)). The evidence indicated that plaintiff had completed all the work required for the patents to issue. An employer must pay “those wages and benefits due when the employee has actually performed the work required to earn them." Kornegay v. Aspen Asset Grp., 204 N.C. App. 213, 229, 693 S.E.2d 723, 735 (2010) (quoting Narron v. Hardee’s Food Sys., Inc., 75 N.C. App. 579, 583, 331 S.E.2d 205, 208 (emphasis added), disc. rev. denied, 314 N.C. 542, 335 S.E.2d 316 (1985)). We further note that defendants presented no evidence at trial challenging the adequacy of plaintiff’s formula. Because defendants offered no other formula, this Court need only be concerned that the result reached, based on the evidence presented, is reasonable. See Jenrette Transp. Co., 236 N.C. at 539-40, 73 S.E.2d at 485. We therefore affirm the Court of Appeals’ holding that determining calculability of wages under the WHA is a question of fact to be submitted to a jury. II We next address plaintiff’s argument that the Court of Appeals erred in affirming the trial court’s decision to refrain from awarding plaintiff liquidated damages on the jury’s award of issuance bonuses associated with unissued patents. First, we must determine the appropriate standard of review. Plaintiff contends that de novo review applies, while defendants contend that we should apply a three-tiered standard as used by federal courts addressing claims under the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”). In Kornegay v. Aspen Asset Group, LLC, the Court of Appeals adopted the latter approach. [T]he traditional standard of review that applies to a trial court’s factual findings — in federal court, the “clearly erroneous” standard and in North Carolina, the “competent evidence” standard — applies to findings of fact made by a trial court in addressing a claim for liquidated damages. In reviewing the trial court’s conclusions of law, the courts have held that review is de novo, including on the issue whether the findings of fact support the conclusions of law. 204 N.C. App. at 245, 693 S.E.2d at 745. The trial court’s final decision to award or refrain from awarding liquidated damages is then reviewed for abuse of discretion. Id. at 244, 693 S.E.2d at 744. We adopt the Court of Appeals’ reasoning in Kornegay and review the trial court’s decision to not award plaintiff liquidated damages for an abuse of discretion. We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that plaintiff was not entitled to liquidated damages. The WHA provides: In addition to the amounts awarded pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, the court shall award liquidated damages in an amount equal to the amount found to be due as provided in subsection (a) of this section, provided that if the employer shows to the satisfaction of the court that the act or omission constituting the violation was in good faith and that the employer had reasonable grounds for believing that the act or omission was not a violation of this Article, the court ma